JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM ACT, 2018

 

The Juvenile Justice System Act, 2018, is a significant piece of legislation in Pakistan that deals with matters related to the juvenile justice system and the treatment of juveniles who come into contact with the law. This act provides a comprehensive legal framework for the handling of cases involving juveniles, with a focus on their protection, rehabilitation, and reintegration into society.

1. Short title, extent and commencement.
2. Definitions.
3. Legal assistance.
4. Juvenile Court.
5. Arrest of a juvenile.
6. Release of a juvenile on bail.
7. Investigation in juvenile cases.
8. Determination of age.
9. Disposal of cases through diversion.
10. Juvenile Justice Committee.
11. Procedure of Juvenile Court.
12. Trial of juvenile with adult person.
13. Disclosure of identity of the juvenile.
14. Report of probation officer.
15. Powers of Juvenile Court to order for release.

Page 2 of 13

16. Orders that shall not be passed with respect to a juvenile.
17. Special provision for female juvenile.
18. Appeal.
19. Removal of disqualification attached with conviction.
20. Establishment and certification of observation homes and Juvenile Rehabilitation Centres.
21. Power of the Government to withdraw certificate.
22. Inspection of observation homes and Juvenile Rehabilitation Centres.
23. Act to override other laws.
24. Power to make rules.
25. Repeal.

Page 3 of 13

JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM ACT, 2018

ACT No. XXI or 2018

An Act to provide for criminal justice system for juveniles

WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for criminal justice system and social reintegration of

juveniles;

It is hereby enacted as follows:

1. Short title, extent and commencement.

System Act, 2018.

(2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan.

(1) This Act may be called the Juvenile Justice

(3) It shall come into force at once.

2. Definitions. In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,

(a) “best interest of the child means the basis for any decision taken regarding the child

to ensure fulfillment of his basic rights and needs, identity, social well-being,

physical, emotional and psychological development;

(b) “child” means for the purposes of this Act a person who has not attained the age of

eighteen years;

(c) “Code” means the Code of Criminal procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898);

(d) “diversion” means an alternative process of determining the responsibility and

treatment of a juvenile on the basis of his social, cultural, economic, psychological

and educational background without resorting to formal judicial proceedings;

(e) “Government” means the Federal Government or the Provincial Government, as

the case may be;

(f) “guardian” in relation to a juvenile means a parent or a person who has been

appointed as a guardian by the court or a person who has actual care of the child;

(g) “heinous offence” means an offence which is serious, gruesome, brutal, sensational

in character or shocking to public morality and which is punishable under the

Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (Act XIV of 1860) or any other law for the time being

in force with death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment for more than seven

years with or without fine;

Page 4 of 13

(h) “juvenile” means, a child who may be dealt with for an offence in a manner which

is different from an adult;

(i) “juvenile” means, a child who may be dealt with for an offence in a manner which

is different from an adult;

(j) “Juvenile Justice Committee” means a committee established under section I0;

(k) “Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre” means a place where a juvenile may be kept and

given education, vocational or technical training for his mental, moral and

psychological development and includes certified institutions, juvenile training

institutions, borstal institutions, vocational centres, darul-amaan and women crises

centres established by the Government or by voluntary organizational certified by

the Government;

(l) “Juvenile offender” means a child who is alleged to have committed or who has

been found to have committed an offence;

(m) “major offence” means an offence for which punishment under the Pakistan Penal

Code, 1860 (Act XIV of 1860) or any other law for the time being in force is more

than three years and up to seven years imprisonment with or without fine;

(n) “medical officer” means a medical officer notified as such by the 1

[Division

concerned or relevant department of provincial Governments];

(o) “minor offence” means an offence for which maximum punishment under the

Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (XLV of 1860)or any other law for the time being in

force is imprisonment up to three years with or without fine;

(p) “observation home” means a place where a juvenile is kept temporarily after being

apprehended by police as well as after obtaining remand from Juvenile Court or

otherwise for conducting inquiry or investigation for the purposes of this Act;

(q) “prescribed means prescribed by rules made under this Act;

(r) probation officer means a person appointed under the Probation of Offenders

Ordinance, 1960 (XLV of 1960):and

(s) “suitable person” means any person, trust, association or society duly recognized

by law whose object is welfare and protection of children.

Explanation-person in this clause means the guardian of a juvenile or any other

person appointed by a Juvenile Court for the purposes of this Act.

1Subs. by the Juvenile Justice System (Amendment) Act, 2022 (III of 2022), s. 2.

Page 5 of 13

3. Legal assistance. (1) Every juvenile or a child who is victim of an offence shall have the right

of legal assistance at expense of the State.

(2) A juvenile shall be informed about his rights available under the law by a legal practitioner

within twenty four hours of taking him into custody.

(3) A legal practitioner appointed by the 1

[Division concerned or relevant department of provincial

Governments] or by the Juvenile court for providing legal assistance to a child victim of an offence or a

juvenile shall have at least seven years standing at the Bar.

4. Juvenile Court. (1) The 1

[Prime Minister] in consultation with the concerned High Court

shall by notification in the official Gazette establish or designate one or more Juvenile Courts, within a

period of three months of the commencement of this Act. (2) A Juvenile Court may be established for one or more sessions divisions and in that case the

Juvenile Court may hold trial of a case at such place as the High Court may specify. (3) No person shall be appointed as a Judge of a Juvenile Court unless he is or has been a Sessions

Judge or an Additional Sessions Judge or a Judicial Magistrate vested with powers under section 30 of the

Code or a practicing advocate who has at least ten years standing at Bar and the latter shall be appointed

on such terms and conditions as the 1

[Prime Minister] may determine consultation with the concerned

High Court. (4) The Juvenile Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to try cases in which a juvenile is accused

of commission of an offence. (5) Subject to sub-section (4), on commencement of this Act all cases pending before a trial court

in which a juvenile is accused of an offence shall stand transferred to the Juvenile Court having

jurisdiction. (6) The Juvenile Court shall not, merely by reason of a change in its composition or transfer of a

case under sub-section (5) be bound to recall or re-hear any witness who has given evidence and may act

on the evidence already recorded. (7) If any court taking cognizance of an offence finds that an accused brought before it is a juvenile,

it shall transfer his case to the Juvenile Court for further proceedings.

(8) On taking cognizance of an offence, the juvenile Court shall decide the case within six months. (9) Where the case is not decided within six months in terms of sub-section (8), the Juvenile Court

shall seek extension from the High Court concerned explaining the reasons for not being able to decide

the case within prescribed tire limit. If no such extension has been sought by the Juvenile Court, the

complainant or the juvenile may make an application to the High Court in this respect.

1Subs. by the Juvenile Justice System (Amendment) Act, 2022 (III of 2022), ss. 3-4.

Page 6 of 13

(10) The Juvenile court may hold its sitting at a place, other than the place in which the ordinary

courts hold sittings for trial of other cases.

5. Arrest of a juvenile. (1) The arrested juvenile shall be kept in an observation home and the

officer-in-charge of the police station shall, as soon as possible, (a) inform guardian of the juvenile, if he can be found, of such arrest and inform him

of the time, date and name of the Juvenile Court before which the juvenile shall be

produced; and

(b) inform the concerned probation officer to enable him to obtain such information

about the juvenile and other material circumstances which may be of assistance to

the Juvenile Court for making inquiry.

(2) No juvenile shall be arrested under any of the laws dealing with preventive detention or under

the provisions of Chapter VII of the Code. (3) The report under section 173 of the Code shall also describe the steps taken by the officer-incharge for referring the matter to the Juvenile Justice Committee for disposal of case through diversion,

where it was so required under section 9.

6. Release of a juvenile on bail. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, a juvenile

accused of bailable offence shall, if already not released under section 496 of the Code, be released by the

Juvenile Court on bail with or without surety unless it appears that there are reasonable grounds for

believing that the release of such juvenile may bring him in association with criminals or expose him to

any other danger. In this situation the juvenile shall be placed under the custody of a suitable person or

Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre under the supervision of probation officer. The juvenile shall not under any

circumstances be kept in a police station under police custody or jail in such cases. (2) The Juvenile Court shall, in a case where a juvenile is not released under subsection (1), direct

the pol ice for tracing guardian of such juvenile and where guardian of such juvenile is traced out, the

Juvenile Court may immediately handover custody of the juvenile to his guardian. (3) Where a juvenile is arrested or detained for commission of a minor or a major offence for the

purposes of this Act, he shall be treated as if he was accused of commission of a bailable offence.

(4) Where a juvenile of more than sixteen years of age is arrested or detained for a heinous offence,

he may not be released on bail if the Juvenile Court is of the opinion that t ere are reasonable grounds to

believe that such juvenile is involved in commission of a heinous offence. (5) Where the Juvenile Court is of the opinion that the delay in the trial of a juvenile has not been

occasioned by an act or omission of such juvenile or any other person acting on his behalf or in exercise

of any right or privilege under any law for the time being n force, such juvenile shall be released on bail

if he has been detained for a continue us period exceeding six months and whose trial has not been

completed.

Page 7 of 13

.

7. Investigation in juvenile cases. (1) A juvenile shall be interrogated by a police officer not

below the rank of Sub Inspector under supervision of Superintendent of Police or SDPO.

(2) The investigation officer designated under sub-section (1) shall be assisted by a probation

officer or by a social welfare officer notified by the Government to prepare social investigation report to

be annexed with the report prepared under section 173 of the Code.

8. Determination of age. (1) Where a person alleged to have committed an offence physically

appears or claims to be a juvenile for the purpose of this Act, the officer-in-charge of the police station or

the investigation officer shall make an inquiry o determine the age of such person on the basis of his birth

certificate, educational certificates or any other pertinent documents. In absence of such documents, age

of such accused person may be determined on the basis of a medical examination report by a medical

officer.

(2) When an accused person who physically appears to be a juvenile for the purpose of this Act is

brought before a Court under section 167 of the Code, the Court before granting further detention shall

record its findings regarding age on the basis of available record including the report submitted by the

police or medical examination report by a medical officer.

9. Disposal of cases through diversion. (1) With the consent of a juvenile or his guardian, as

the case may be, the complaint against a juvenile relating to offences as specified in sub-section (6) shall

be referred to the Juvenile Justice Committee for disposal of the same through diversion. (2) The diversion can be exercised at any stage during the course of investigation by the police and

during trial by the prosecution and the Court in the prescribed manner.

(3) Where a case is referred to the Juvenile Justice Committee by the police, the submission of

report of police officer required under section 173 of the Code shall be postponed till the final order of the

Committee.

(4) The Juvenile Justice Committee shall dispose of a case, with consent of the person against

whom the offence was committed, by resorting to different modes of diversion including. (a) restitution of movable property;

(b) reparation of the damage caused;

(c) written or oral apology;

(d) participation in community service;

(e) payments of fine and costs of the proceedings;

(f) placement in Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre; and

(g) written and oral reprimand:

Page 8 of 13

Provided that where the complainant is a state functionary and the offence

has not been committed against a private person, the Juvenile Justice committee

may dispose of the case through diversion with consent of the concerned public

prosecutor.

(5) For the purposes of diversion, all offences either minor or major shall be compoundable.

(6) Diversion shall be exercised in the prescribed manner in cases, (a) where a juvenile is accused of commission of minor offences; and

(b) where a juvenile is accused of commission of major offences and the age of the

juvenile is not more than sixteen years at the time of commission of offence.

10. Juvenile Justice Committee. (1) On commencement of this Act but not later than three

months, the 1

[Law and Justice Division] in consultation with the concerned Sessions Judge shall establish

the Juvenile Justice Committee for each sessions division. (2) The Juvenile Justice Committee shall consist of four members with following composition,

namely:

(a) serving Judicial Magistrate with powers under section 30 of the Code, who shall

also head the Committee;

(b) district Public Prosecutor;

(c) member of local Bar having at least seven years standing a l. Bar, appointed by the

concerned Sessions Judge for period of two years;

(d) serving probation officer or social welfare officer not below the rank of an officer

in BPS-I 7.

(3) The place of sitting of the Juvenile Justice Committee may preferably be in the same premises

where the Juvenile Court holds sitting. (4) The Juvenile Justice Committee shall perform following function namely:

(a) dispose of the cases through diversion upon referral from the police prosecution or

the Juvenile Court, as the case may be, within a period of one month from the date

of the referral:

(b) inspect the observation homes and Juvenile Rehabilitation Centres and may give

directions to the officer-in-charge of such places for the measures to be taken for

welfare and social re-integration of the juvenile kept under their supervision; and

1Subs. by the Juvenile Justice System (Amendment) Act, 2022 (III of 2022), s. 5.

Page 9 of 13

(c) such other functions as may be prescribed.

(5) For the administration and functioning of the Juvenile Justice Committee, provision of staff

shall be within the powers of the Sessions Judge of respective district.

11. Procedure of Juvenile Court. (1) Juvenile Court shall follow the procedure provided for in

the Code unless provided otherwise in this Act. (2) No person shall be present at any sitting of the Juvenile Court, except,

(a) staff and officers of the Juvenile Court;

(b) parties to the case before the Juvenile Court and such other persons who are directly

concerned with the proceedings including the police officers;

(c) guardian of the juvenile; and

(d) such other persons as the Juvenile Court directs to be present;

(3) At any stage of proceedings the Juvenile Court may in the best interest of a juveniles decency

or morality, direct any person to withdraw from Court for such period as the Court may direct.

(4) If at any stage of proceedings, the Juvenile Court is satisfied that the attendance of the juvenile

is not essential for the purposes of the trial, the Juvenile Court may dispense with the attendance and

proceed with the trial of the case in absence of the juvenile.

(5) When a juvenile who has been brought before the Juvenile Court is found to be suffering from

serious illness, whether physical or mental and requires treatment, the Court shall send such juvenile to a

hospital or a medical institution where treatment shall be given to the juvenile at the expense of the State.

12. Trial of juvenile with adult person. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 239

of the Code or any other law for the time being in force and subject to the provisions of sub-sections (2)

and (), no juvenile may be charged with and tried for an offence together with an adult.

(2) A juvenile may be charged with and tried together with an adult by the Juvenile Court if the

Court is satisfied that it is in the interests of justice to hold a joint trial.

(3) Incase of joint trial, the Juvenile Court may dispense with the physical presence of the juvenile

before it without any application in this regard and juvenile may be allowed to join the Court proceedings

through audio-visual technology link.

13. Disclosure of identity of the juvenile. (1) whoever prints or publishes the name or any

matter which may make known identity of a juvenile shall be punished with imprisonment bfeither

description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.

Page 10 of 13

(2) Nothing in sub-section (1) extends to any printing or publication of the name or any matter

which may make known the identity of a juvenile if such printing or publication is, (a) by or under the order in writing of the officer-in-charge of the police station or the

police officer making the investigation into such offence acting in good faith for

the purposes of such investigation; or

(b) by or with the authorization in writing of the juvenile or the next-of-kin of the

juvenile:

Provided that no such authorization shall be given by the next-of-kin to

anybody other than the chairman or the secretary, by whatever name called, of any

recognized welfare institution or organization

Explanation. For the purposes of this sub-section, “recognised welfare

institution or organization” means a social welfare institution or organisation

recognised in this behalf by the Government. (3) Whoever prints or publishes any matter in relation to any proceedings before a Juvenile Court

with respect to a juvenile referred to in sub-section (1) without the previous permission of Juvenile Court

shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years and

shall also be liable to fine.

Explanation. The printing or publication of the judgment of any High Court or the Supreme

Court does not amount to an offence within the meaning of this section.

14. Report of probation officer. (1) The probation officer shall assist and prepare a report on

direction of the Juvenile Court within such time as may be directed the Court at any stage regarding,

(a) juvenile’s character, educational, social and moral background:

(b) juvenile’s admission of committing an offence, if any, made with free consent and

voluntarily;

(c) any evidence that juvenile actually committed the offence;

(d) all legal and appropriate assistance provided at all levels to juvenile for his

understanding, concept and consequences, even to the child’s family and guardian;

(e) steps taken for mediation or compromise with the complainant or victim and

possibility of settlement; and

(f) possibility of sending the juvenile to Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre or release on

probation. (2) Subject .o sub-section (3) the report of the probation officer submitted to the Juvenile Court

hall be treated as confidential.

Page 11 of 13

(3) The Juvenile Court may, if it so thinks fit, communicate substance of the report to the juvenile’s

guardian and, where any one of them disputes the contents or views contained therein, the Juvenile Court

may give such juvenile or guardian, as the case may be, an opportunity of producing such evidence as may

be relevant to the matter stated in the report.

15. Powers of Juvenile Court to order for release. On receipt of report under section 14 and on

conclusion of an inquiry, investigation or trial, the Juvenile Court may, keeping in view the best interest

of the child,

(a) pass an order for release of the juvenile offender after the victim or complainant, as

the case may be, pardons him:

Provided that the Juvenile Court may refuse to release the juvenile offender

even if the victim or complainant pardons if the Juvenile Court for reasons to be

recorded in writing considers that such release is either against the public policy or

the interests of the State;

(b) pass an order for the community service, fine, compensation to the victim or

complainant restitution of property, counseling;

(c) direct the juvenile offender to be released on probation for good conduct and place

such juvenile offender under care of a guardian or any suitable person or such

Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre established or certified for the purposes of this Act

for any period not exceeding the period of confinement awarded to such juvenile;

(d) direct the probation officer to submit probation report in prescribed manner:

Provided that if a juvenile offender fails to comply with the orders or

violates the conditions of orders of release on probation, the Juvenile Court may

pass any order as it may think fit, including cancellation of probation order; or

(e) make an order directing the juvenile offender to be sent to a Juvenile Rehabilitation

Centre until he attains the age of eighteen years or till the completion of period of

imprisonment, whichever comes earlier.

16. Orders that shall not be passed with respect to a juvenile. (1) No person who was a

juvenile offender at the time of commission of an offence shall be awarded punishment of death.

(2) No juvenile offender shall be committed to prison, ordered to labour, put in fetters, handcuffed

or given any corporal punishment at any time while in custody.

Provided that if there is reasonable apprehension of the escape of the juvenile offender from

custody who is more than sixteen years of age and involved in heinous offence or he is previously

convicted of an offence punishable with imprisonment for life, for reasons to be recorded, he may be

handcuffed or put into a solitary confinement in a Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre or observation home for

a period not exceeding twenty-four hours.

Page 12 of 13

17. Special provision for female juvenile. (1) No female juvenile shall in any circumstances be

apprehended or investigated by a male police officer or released on probation under supervision of a male

officer.

(2) A female juvenile shall only be kept in a Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre established or certified

exclusively for female inmates.

18. Appeal. (1) Any person convicted by a Juvenile Court may prefer an appeal in accordance

with the provisions of the Code.

(2) In case of a juvenile offender the appeal may be preferred by guardian acting on behalf of the

juvenile.

(3) The Government or any person aggrieved by an order of acquittal passed by the Juvenile court

may, within thirty days, prefer an appeal against such order in accordance with the provisions of section

417 of the Code.

19. Removal of disqualification attached with conviction. Subject to provisions of the

constitution, a juvenile offender convicted under the provisions of this Act shall not suffer a

disqualification, if any, attaching to a conviction of an offence under such law.

20. Establishment and certification of observation homes and Juvenile Rehabilitation

Centres. (1) The 1

[Interior Division in consultation with the Division concerned] may establish and

maintain observation home and Juvenile Rehabilitation Centres for the reception of juveniles, including

separate centres for female juveniles:

(2) The 1

[Interior Division] may certify an observation home or a Juvenile Rehabilitation centre

managed or controlled by a non-governmental organization for reception of juveniles. (3) The 1

[Interior Division] may certify an already established association or society in any local

are: for social reintegration or rehabilitation of a juvenile offender who is released on parole or discharged

from a Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre and may regulate activities and functions of such released or

discharged juvenile offender in the prescribed manner.

21. Power of the 1

[Interior Division] to withdraw certificate. The 1

[Interior Division], if

dissatisfied with the condition, management or superintendence of a certified observation home or a

Juvenile Rehabilitation centre, may at any time withdraw the certificate issued under section 20 in

prescribed manner.

22. Inspection of observation homes and Juvenile Rehabilitation Centres. In order to report to

the Juvenile court or Juvenile Justice committee on measures being taken for social reintegration, health,

education or other conditions of the inmates a medical officer’s member of the Committee, with prior

approval of head of the Committee or an officer authorized by the 1

[Division concerned or relevant

department of provincial Governments], may inspect an observation home or a Juvenile Rehabilitation

Centre.

1Subs. by the Juvenile Justice System (Amendment) Act, 2022 (III of 2022), ss. 6-8.

Page 13 of 13

23. Act to override other laws. The provisions of this Act shall have overriding effect

notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force.

24. Power to make rules. The Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, make rules

for carrying out the purposes of this Act.

25. Repeal. The Juvenile Justice System Ordinance, 2000 (XXII of 2000) is hereby repealed.

Need more information

Our panel of skilled Lawyers in Pakistan specializes in separation cases in Pakistan and offers personalized advice and robust legal solutions.

• AI Legal Site: For general information, visit 24Justice.com – Pakistan’s First Legal AI Site.
• Personalized Assistance: For more specific queries or legal representation, reach out to us:
  • Call: 0092 308 5510031
  • WhatsApp: 0092 308 5510031
• Contact Form: Prefer writing? Fill out our contact form below, and we’ll respond promptly

[contact-form][contact-field label=”Name” type=”name” required=”true” /][contact-field label=”Email” type=”email” required=”true” /][contact-field label=”Website” type=”url” /][contact-field label=”Message” type=”textarea” /][/contact-form]